Publications

• Bulut, O., Tan, B., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2026). Does conversation-based assessment elicit higher-level thinking? Evidence from expert and LLM ratings. In E. G. Blanchard, G. Chen, M. Chi, & S. Isotani (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Education. Late Breaking Results, WideAIED, Practitioners, Industry and Policies, Blue Sky, Doctoral Consortium, FoL Workshops and Tutorials, FoL Invited Papers (Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 3031, pp. 222–229). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29788-4_32 Download

• Bulut, O., Shin, J., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (in preparation). Educational data mining: Applications in digital assessments. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

• Bulut, O., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Gorgun, G. (2024). Assessment analytics for digital assessments: Identifying, modeling, and interpreting behavioral engagement. In M. Sahin & D. Ifenthaler (Eds.), Assessment analytics in education – Designs, methods and solutions (pp. 35-60). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56365-2_3

• Demmans Epp, C., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Phirangee, K. (in press). Special education and inclusion. In the Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) Encyclopedia. Elgar.

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Gorgun, G., & Bulut, O. (2024). Enhancing self-regulated learning with artificial intelligence-powered learning analytics. In N. K. Ulutaş & D. Höl (Eds.), Emergent practices of learning analytics in K-12 classrooms (pp. 57-83). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0066-4.ch004

2026

• Bhangu, A.,* Le, J.,* & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2026). Exploring student perspectives on the use of AI in mental health settings. Spectrum, 16. doi:10.29173/spectrum339 Download

• Bulut, O., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2026). Assessment analytics in digital assessments. Encyclopedia, 6(4). doi:10.3390/encyclopedia6040081 Download

• Ilgun Dibek, M., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2026). How late is too late? Clustering student timing behaviors to predict academic success. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 1–17. doi:10.1080/15366367.2026.2654037 Abstract

• Ilgun Dibek, M., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2026). Items, gender, response time, and styles in play: Exploring student-item interactions in mathematics literacy. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 13(2), 462–480. doi:10.21449/ijate.1768508 Download

• Szukala, J.,* Ishutov, S., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Taikh, A. (2026). Exploring the use of 3D-printed models, computer-aided designs, and 2D images in geoscience learning within a small-cohort introductory classroom. Journal of Geoscience Education, 1–13. doi:10.1080/10899995.2026.2642391 Abstract

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2026). Exploring data augmentation in a low-resource language context: A case study on text generation for reading comprehension in Turkish. Algorithms, 19(5), 413. doi:10.3390/a19050413 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Dibek, M. I., Thomas, M. L., & Lesoway, N. (2026). When do undergraduate students prefer AI? Insights into AI scoring and feedback. Behavioral Sciences, 16(7). doi:10.3390/bs16071196 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Dibek, M. I., & Taikh, A. (2026). Cognitive learning analytics. Encyclopedia, 6(3). doi:10.3390/encyclopedia6030069 Download

2025

• Bulut, O., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Ulitzsch, E., & Gorgun, G. (2025). Measuring consumers’ financial well-being: Uncovering the causes and consequences of careless and insufficient effort in self-report responses. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning. doi:10.1891/JFCP-2024-0103 Abstract

• Thomas, M. L.,* Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Hariharan, S.* (2025). Exploring undergraduate students' perceptions of AI vs. human scoring and feedback. The Internet and Higher Education, 68, 101052. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101052 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Bulut, O., Demmans Epp, C., & Cui, Y. (2025). Advancing higher education students’ assessment experiences with conversational agents. Educational Technology Research and Development. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10472-3 Download

• Zentner, K., * & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2025). Response time to detect careless responding and its relationship with and prediction of emotional distress. Graduate Student Journal of Psychology, 25(1). doi:10.52214/gsjp.v25i1.14087  Download

2024

• Bulut, O., Beiting-Parrish, M., Casabianca, J. M., Slater, S. C., Jiao, H., Song, D., …, Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., … & Morilova, P. (2024). The rise of artificial intelligence in educational measurement: Opportunities and ethical challenges. Chinese/English Journal of Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 5(3), Article 3. doi:10.59863/MIQL7785 Download

• Bulut, O., Beiting-Parrish, M., Casabianca, J. M., Slater, S. C., Jiao, H., Song, D., ..., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., … & Morilova, P. (2024). The rise of artificial intelligence in educational measurement: Opportunities and ethical challenges. ArXiv. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2406.18900 Download

• Bulut, O., Gorgun, G., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2024). The impact of frequency and stakes of formative assessment on student achievement in higher education: A learning analytics study. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(1), e13087. doi:10.1111/jcal.13087 Download

• Gorgun, G., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2024). Algorithmic bias in BERT for response accuracy prediction: A case study for investigating population validity. Journal of Educational Measurement. doi: 10.1111/jedm.12420 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Gorgun, G. (2024). Disentangling the relationship between ability and test-taking effort: To what extent the ability levels can be predicted from response behavior? Technology, Knowledge and Learning. doi:10.1007/s10758-024-09810-w Download

2023

• Bulut, O., Shin, J., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Gorgun, G., & Pardos, Z. A. (2023). An introduction to Bayesian knowledge tracing with pyBKT. Psych, 5(3), 770-786. doi:10.3390/psych5030050 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2023). Conversation-based assessment: A novel approach to boosting test-taking effort in digital formative assessment. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4(2023), 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100135 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Bulut, O., Demmans Epp, C., & Cui, Y. (2023). Conversation-based assessments in education: Design, implementation, and cognitive walkthroughs for usability testing. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 52(1), 27-51. doi:10.1177/00472395231178943 Download

2022

• Bulut, O., Cormier, D. C., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2022). Optimized screening for students at-risk in mathematics: A machine learning approach. Information, 13(8):400. doi:10.3390/info13080400 Download

• Bulut, O., Gorgun, G., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Wongvorachan, T., Daniels, L. M., Gao, Y., Lai, K. W., & Shin, J. (2022). Standing on the shoulders of giants: Online formative assessments as the foundation for predictive learning analytics models. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 19-39. doi:10.1111/bjet.13276 Abstract

• Bulut, O., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2022). Automatic story and item generation for reading comprehension assessments with transformers. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(Special Issue), 72-87. doi:10.21449/ijate.1124382 Download

• Ulitzsch, E., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Gorgun, G., & Bulut, O. (2022). An explanatory mixture IRT model for careless and insufficient effort responding in self-report measures. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 75(3), 668-698. doi:10.1111/bmsp.12272 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Cui, Y. (2022). Cognitive skills of Canadian educators: An analysis of PIAAC data. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 68(2), 234-253. doi:10.11575/ajer.v68i2.71334 Download

2021

• Bulut, O., Gorgun, G., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2021). Estimating explanatory extensions of dichotomous and polytomous Rasch models: The eirm package in R. Psych, 3(3), 308-321. doi:10.3390/psych3030023 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2021). Conversation-based assessments: Real-time assessment and feedback. eLearn Magazine, 12, Article 1. doi:10.1145/3508017.3495533 Abstract

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2021). Designing predictive models for early prediction of students’ test-taking engagement in computerized formative assessments. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 22(2). Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2021). The impact of students’ test-taking effort on growth estimates in low-stakes educational assessments. Educational Research and Evaluation, 26(7-8), 368-386. doi:10.1080/13803611.2021.1977152 Abstract

• Bulut, O., Gorgun, G., Tan, B., Wongvorachan, T., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Clelland, A. (2023). Self-regulated learning through online formative assessments: The effects of assessment frequency and participation on student performance. In Blikstein, P., Van Aalst, J., Kizito, R., & Brennan, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the Learning Sciences - ICLS 2023 (pp. 1406-1409). International Society of the Learning Sciences. doi:10.22318/icls2023.866245 Download

• Gorgun, G., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Demmans Epp, C. (2022). Predicting cognitive engagement in online course discussion forums. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 276-289. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6853149 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2023). Innovating assessment with conversational agents: A technology-enhanced approach to formative assessments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 331-335, doi:10.1109/ICALT58122.2023.00103 Download

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Epp, C. D., Bulut, O., & Cui, Y. (2023). Design and evaluation of a conversational agent for formative assessment in higher education. In Blikstein, P., Van Aalst, J., Kizito, R., & Brennan, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the Learning Sciences - ICLS 2023 (pp. 194-201). International Society of the Learning Sciences. doi:10.22318/icls2023.530792 Download

Bhardwaj, G.,* Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Hanson, B. (under review). Costs and benefits of virtual reality in psychological assessment: A systematic review.

• Hayward, D.V., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Chipchar, E., Xiao, J., Liu, Y., & Oliver, H. (under review). To include or not to include? Beliefs of preservice teachers about students with disabilities in K-12 general education classrooms.

• Ilgun Dibek, M., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (under review). Detect, delete, distort: The dilemma of data cleaning.

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Casabianca-Marshall, J., & Slater, S. (under review). Test-level impact of the quality of AI-scored items on a mixed-format test.

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Dibek, M. I. (under review). Gender and education effects in predicting psychological distress through machine learning.

• Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Dibek, M. I., & Bulut, O. (under review). Enhancing test security and content diversity through automated item paraphrasing.

* Asterisk indicates lead authorship by a student.